Stages of the consumer decision process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Phases of the buyer choice procedure - Essay Example Each business needs to fabricate new purchasers and hold the old ones (Chen, 2009). Nonetheless, these customers are of insignificant worth on the off chance that they don't get the ideal outcomes as far as deals for the business. It is significant that the customer choice procedure is viewed at from all sides before arriving at an accord concerning how promoting and deals spaces will be overseen inside the business. On the off chance that the customer choice procedure is anything but difficult to attempt and the deals are coming in, maybe there is motivation behind why this shopper choice procedure has been a fruitful one over some stretch of time. On the other side, there could be various endurance issues for the business. This paper examines how the buyer choice procedure is overseen inside the travel industry from a flexibly point of view. The 5 phases of the shopper choice procedure include the acknowledgment of the need, the data search, the assessment, the possible choice to b uy and in conclusion the post-buy assessment. These 5 phases basically direct how well the purchaser choice procedure has been reached upon and the sort of progress that a customer has inside his positions to ensure that he purchases the proposed item or administration (Hudson, 2010). Inside the spaces of the travel industry which is a blend of the two items and administrations, the need is to see how well the customer choice procedure has been applied. It will at that point authorize approaches to connect with shoppers who are increasingly inclined to make that truly necessary buy which will profit the business under the positions of the travel industry. This is a significant perspective and one that requires noteworthiness from the individuals who attempt these organizations in any case. It gives them a thought regarding where they are turning out badly and what restorative estimates they have to take so as to bring rational soundness inside the domains of the travel industry (Bet sch, 2004). The shopper choice procedure doesn't occur without difficult work and thought. The thought that goes into its creation is something that leaves many amazed since once in a while shoppers end an actual existence time to make that crucial buy while at others the entire procedure is frequently finished way too rapidly. These 5 phases are generally various leveled in light of the fact that these feature how unequivocally the purchaser choice procedure happens and that too inside a consecutive vibe. The chain of importance comes to fruition through after every last one of these stages. One can't skirt any stage and proceed onward to the following one. It needs to follow a set line so as to effectively finish the buyer choice procedure. The deal procedure of the business will possibly come full circle when every one of these stages are genially given the criticalness that these lavishly require. Concentrating explicitly on the travel industry, it is imperative to grasp the mea sure of vitality a business devotes towards drawing in that essential buyer. This implies these customers structure the center premise of the business and without them the travel industry would endure on various tallies (Ekstrom, 2006). The understanding must be gotten from the way that the whole the travel industry system gets down to business because of the endeavors of the shoppers and if the last don't show any intrigue, it is hard to continue this industry basically. The

Empirical research o n rti in Central Information Essays - India

Observational research o n rti in Central Information Essays - India experimental research o n rti in Central Information commission Substance TOC o 1-3 h z u Chapter I: Introduction PAGEREF _Toc373924028 h 1 1.Overview PAGEREF _Toc373924029 h 1 2.Review of Literature PAGEREF _Toc373924030 h 1 3.Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc373924031 h 3 4.Hypothesis PAGEREF _Toc373924032 h 3 5.Objective of Research PAGEREF _Toc373924033 h 3 6.Rationale of Research PAGEREF _Toc373924036 h 3 7.Research Methodology and Design PAGEREF _Toc373924037 h 3 8.Scheme of research PAGEREF _Toc373924038 h 4 section II: Theoretical investigation PAGEREF _Toc373924039 h 5 section III: Empirical investigation PAGEREF _Toc373924040 h 10 Section IV-Recommendations and Suggestions PAGEREF _Toc373924041 h 12 Book reference PAGEREF _Toc373924042 h 13 Annexure I.14 Section I: Introduction Outline The Right to Information Act, 2005 came into power after the Freedom of Information Act, 2002 was revoked. This demonstration came in with the fundamental goal to advance receptiveness, straightforwardness and responsibility in organization. On account of S.P. Gupta v. Leader of India, the Supreme Court originally referenced that The option to know, get and import data has been perceived inside the privilege to the right to speak freely of discourse and articulation. A resident has a crucial option to utilize the best methods for granting and getting data and as such to have an entrance to broadcasting for the reason. Accordingly, the privilege to data has been considered as an essential element of the Constitution crucial right under article 19 (1). Defilement which had flourished at all degrees of administration had forestalled an unmistakable and uninhibited progression of data from the state to the legislature. In contrast to numerous different nations (for example UK) which took quite a while to operationalise the Act post the institution, India took just a couple of months to bring it into power. This time was lacking to change the attitude of the individuals in Government, make framework, grow new procedures and assemble ability to convey data under this Act. Therefore, the point of the paper is to check whether there are any deficiencies to the RTI Act and what should be possible to retouch the provisos left by the governing body. Audit of Literature To make this paper the scientist has utilized the assistance of different books, articles and cases to think of a reasonable research and an indisputable answer Books Articles Subhash C. Kashyap , Constitutional Law of India, third Ed, Volume 2, 2008, Wadhwa and Wadhwa , Nagpur . Key Issues and Constraints in actualizing the RTI Act, Final Understanding the Key Issues and Constraints in executing the RTI Act, PricewaterhouseCoopers. Last Understanding the Key Issues and Constraints in actualizing the RTI Act, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Annexure I. RIGHT TO INFORMATION-A STUDY, Orissa Review , Nov ., 2006. http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Parliament_of_India.pdf . Abhinav Garg , Private schools fall under RTI: Court, Times of India, Published on May 3, 2013, 02.45AM IST, got to at http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-03/news/39008319_1_ews-portion private-independent schools Official statement by Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances Pensions, Amendment to the Right to Information Act, 2005, Accesed at http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=97577 . Guide For Public Authorities, got to from http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02rti/1_4_2008_IR(Eng).pdf Cases S.P. Gupta v. President AIR 1982 SC 149 Tamil Nadu Road Development Co. Ltd. Versus Tamil Nadu Information Commission and Anr (2008) 145 CompCas 248(Mad) Ravneet Kaur v. The Christian Medical College AIR 1998 PH 1 D.A.V. School Trust and Management Society and Ors. Versus Executive of Public Instruction and Ors AIR2008P H117 Chandigarh University, Village Gharuan v State of Punjab others AIR 2013 PH 187 Shri Nisa Ahmed Srika and others v. LIC lodging Finance Limited and Others CIC/AT/A/2007/0735, 729, 1370 and .CIC/AT/A/2008/1420 Shri Subhash Chandra Aggarwal and Anr v. Indian National Congress/All India Congress Committee (AICC) and Others CIC/SM/C/2011/001386. Research Questions What is the extent of Public Authority under area 2 (h)? Should ideological groups be incorporated under the extent of Public position? Speculation The scientist imagines that the extent of open authority can be extended through translation and ought to be extended to cover all conceivable open bodies. Goal of Research To perceive how the extent of open power is extending and why there is a need to grow this word. To perceive any reason why ideological groups should come extremely close to Open Authority Method of reasoning of Research The motivation behind why the specialist took such an undertaking on the grounds that as much as understanding the adequacy of the Act is basic, a significantly increasingly basic perspective is

What Makes Up Your Company Culture

What Makes Up Your Company Culture Company culture is ridiculously underestimated. If you are a decision maker in your company and you are not doing enough to support it, you need to make some changes as soon as possible.Why? Well ask yourself: What are the most important reasons why you like your job? Is it the salary and social benefits? Or is it the company values, the people that work in your office, the atmosphere of support and working towards a common goal?If it is not just your pay that makes you get up and go to work every day, then it is probably the same for your workers.Company culture is a serious driving factor for success, for work satisfaction and for loyalty to an organization.You need to invest in it, support it and participate in it. This article will lay out 7 aspects of company culture you need to consider and improve.COMPANY VALUESCompany values are not just a pointless list, published on the next-to last page on your website. They should be what unifies all individuals working for the organizati on and ties them to the ultimate goal.How to choose company values?It is never too late to select a set of company values for your organization.Think about your ultimate goal, your attitude towards your customers, your attitude towards your employees. What was the original idea behind creating it?Go short. Choose only what is really important to your organization. Ideally, you should be able to fit all on the digits of your right hand.What are some great company values to have?Serving society. If the organization is non-profit or charity, serving society will definitely be a core value. Give your angle â€" how do you see what you are doing to be of service.Eco-friendly. Lay out some policies you have applied to preserve the environment.Transparency means a lot of things and if you claim it is your value, you need to apply it to all aspects of business in building your prices, in forming your employee’s salaries or decisions on promotions.Equality and diversity. Keep equal opportu nity for men and women, different nationalities, ethnicities, races, religions, and sexual identities. Eliminate the pay gap on the level of your organization.Loyalty, integrity and responsibility. Lay out some examples of the difficult decisions you have had to take as an organization to deserve being trusted by customers, partners and employees.Ultimately all companies have to profit to survive. Money are often seen as a bad example for a company value, because it looks too commercial. But it is not. Just make sure you express you see profit as a common goal, the result of team work and that you will not pursue it at all costs.Talk about your process and the measures you are taking to provide top quality product and service.Team work. Having team work as a core value will encourage cooperation in tough moments.Fun! Fun is a great value to have. Employees and customers alike appreciate freedom and the sense of humor.When are company values important?As soon as interviewing someone for a free position in your company you have to check for personality compatibility. Ask questions, create theoretical situations, check for behavioral signs.Some people are just not a match. Choosing the right candidate is much easier than changing a person to fit an organization.Company values are important whenever you communicate to your customers and your partners. Being true to your company values will earn you trust.Watch James Franklin explain more about core values in this TEDxPSU video. COMMON CAUSEWildflower and Oak is a business with a common cause. The makers of baby blankets offer clean delivery kits to hospitals in Haiti.Warby Parker is an eyewear company that also follows the one-for-one rule. As the Entrepreneur Europe reports:‘It not only donates glasses to children, but also provide the tools and training needed to administer basic eye exams, as well as selling glasses at affordable prices. The company has identified that across the developing world, just one pa ir of glasses increases productivity by as much as 35 percent, which in turn increases monthly income by 20 percent.’The case of TomsThe business model of ‘Toms‘ follows a similar idea. Originally Toms delivered one free pair of shoes to a child in need, for every pair that was sold.Buy-one-give-one.Since then the charitable efforts of Toms have expanded to offer eye care, clean water, and other goods.Blake Mycoskie, the founder, does not stop his philanthropic work at charity. He is decided on making his employees happy and satisfied.Here are several of the policies Toms has applied to reinforce the company culture:No Meeting Mondays. Mondays are notoriously hated for being the first day of the week back to work. By banning meetings, Toms allows for a smoother transition into the business week.Flexible Work Schedules. Strict hours are bad for business. Some of the most creative and enthusiastic employees go for part-time work in order to have time to follow their passions. So me flexibility will allow them to spend more of their time in Toms.Eight weeks of paid paternity leave. Paternity leave in the USA is underestimated by government and most companies which only offer modest rations of time for young fathers to spend with their young kids. Toms has provided a solution.Happy employees are more productive, work harder, and are more loyal to the organization that makes their lives so much easier.In that way, Toms is profiting from applying policies that will protect them. Working in a charitable business is not possible without creating a culture where employees know their employer has their side.But there is more than that. Toms instills its values of philanthropy and generosity through another special strategy creating the Happy Helping Hour.The HHH means members of charitable organizations visit the office and engage employees in activities that have to do with charitable causes, such as preparing care packages for women who have been victims of abus e. Full-time employers are invited to trips to distribute the shoes allocated to the poor in Nepal and Honduras.The Happy Helping Hour helps instill in the employees the values of their social mission. Amy Thompson, chief people officer explains:Culture is a very organic thing. It is not something you preserve as companies grow. It is something you nurture.ENCOURAGE LOYALTY AND RETAIN TOP TALENTWhy loyalty? The short answer is: Millennials.The long answer? Well, those born between the years 1980 to 2000 are only labeled as lazy and demanding. Truth is millennials are very independent. They have grown up around technology, with large digital sources of information and have learned to depend on themselves and trust themselves.They do not see themselves as attached to an organization forever. Especially an organization that does not support their needs. Analyses tell us Generation Z is not too different in that aspect.When loyalty could be an issue for an entire generation, employers n eed to take notes and make changes. Millennials now account for about 30% of the workforce.They are disproportionately hired in IT companies, where the median age is lower â€" about 29 years of age.How to encourage loyalty:Forbes say there are four main ways to establish a strong employer-employee connection with millennials.Create a culture where they work with you, not for you. Make sure you create a responsibility and the workers will not feel it is just another job. It should be clear how each task contributes to the common goals of the organization. They are partners.Have a healthy respect towards the work-life balance. Introducing flexible working hours is a popular strategy to allow employees more freedom. Give a thought to introducing regular home office. Allow new parents to spend more time with their children. When workers have a healthy personal life, they will be able to perform their best at work.Only work with constructive criticism. Emphasize on principles. Discuss ta sks that can be done better if you know how. Scolding your employees to perform better will never work.Be less corporate. Corporate culture could be suffocating for the new generation. Think about the rules you can sacrifice. The dress code for example? Create a relaxation room and encourage your employees to use it for informal meetings.ENCOURAGE PEOPLE SUPPORTING EACH OTHERNo matter how well your employees are incentivized to work towards your organization goals, how strongly they believe in the common good, and how happy they are with their compensation, bad relationships between coworkers are guaranteed to cause an issue.How to identify a toxic office environmentA quiet place. An office where the loudest thing you can hear is the tapping on the keyboards, clicking on and off ball pens and printers pushing out paper is a bad environment. Normally employees should talk laugh and joke even in stress situations.Passive aggressive notes and/or emails. When notes take over face to fac e communication, that means people have the feeling their message will not be taken seriously, or it will be dismissed. Next time you find a note by the printer, the water cooler, or the air conditioning controller, know It is a bad sign.Low attendance at office events. You should aim to attract at least 75% of employees at any company event. Lower than that is a clear sign your colleagues don’t want to spend time with each other and your events are boring and cringy.Conflicts and drama. While toxic environment most often manifests itself in ignorance and coldness, sometimes tension manages to accumulate and… explode. The longer you wait to take measures the worse the drama will be and the more often it will happen. Prepare for some loud shouting and heavy crying.Employee turnover. You are losing personnel. This is what you ultimately want to avoid. Losing talent is not always caused by a toxic office environment. There are some key signs. Ask your employee what was the reason t o go. Usually they will you they have had issues. Another good sign is if they only point out better money. If their compensation is the only incentive for working in your organization, then you have failed to create the right company culture.What creates a toxic environmentCompetition. There is nothing bad in gamifying your organizations goals. The best practice is to make your goals SMART â€" specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound. However, as soon as you make your employees chase numbers, you are creating an environment of competition. Competition has the nasty habit to turn unhealthy when money are involved.Lack of transparency. Lacking financial, political and organizational transparency in the workplace will make employees feel uninformed and powerless. That causes losing interest in the company values, results and prosperity.Inequality. Inequality of compensation or opportunity easily causes interpersonal conflicts.How to heal a toxic office environmentOrga nize FUN team buildings and encourage attendance. Make it cool. Invest.Organize team meetings and create a culture where positive feedback is dominant.Organize workshops to discuss the topics of equality, transparency and support.Cancel individual goals in favor of team goals. Encourage team work.INSPIRED RESPONSIBILITYCompanies that help employees realize they have the power to make or break the organization benefit from increased loyalty and maximum performance.The case of Southwest airlinesEntrepreneur Europe tells the story of how Southwest airlines is gaining credit in a bad moment for the airlines industry. A lot of its competition have been blasted all over social media for double-booking seats and delivering more than poor customer experience.Southwest airlines, however, has been successful to communicate its vision to its employees. They trust their workers that, when given more power, they will act aligned with the principles that the company wants to adhere to.With more a uthority, employees are capable to step in in difficult situations and save the day for customers, keeping them happy and loyal to Soutwest.The case of SquareSpaceSquareSpace with its great company culture has been voted multiple times one of the greatest places to work in New York City. It has a flat organizational structure which means it has very few management levels.It caters to its employees, as Entrepreneur Europe reports, ‘including 100 percent coverage of health insurance premiums, flexible vacations, attractive office space, catered meals, stocked kitchens, monthly celebrations, relaxation spaces and periodic guest lecturers’.How to keep employees involvedOrganizational transparency. Keep heavy corporate talks, meetings and communication to a minimum.Ask for ideas. Make sure you allocate some time and communication channels for your employees to give ideas. Be open to collecting proposals for anything â€" new methods of recycling, changing your internet provider, or ad ding more plants in the office space. Small decisions will lead to bigger ones. Make sure you always contact the author and give feedback. Make it constructive.Organized voting. For some decisions you must ask around. Do it in an open and fair way. A fair election day is a fun way to incorporate your employees in decision making and achieve transparency.Give credit for side projects. If someone complains from the working environment, the conditions, or the workflow, give them a side project â€" let them figure out a better way to work. Compensate them fairly.INDIVIDUALISM IN COLLECTIVISMThere is ‘I’ in the office. More often than not, individualism should not come up at work.However, a personality cannot be dissolved in a career. There is time and a place for it.Breaks and vacationsMost often taking your lunch and your days off is protected by law. And there is a reason for it. Employees are more productive and healthy after a short break. Smart employers will encourage taking t ime off work regularly to spend time with yourself.Time with the familyA family is an important part of the life of working parents. Allowing them some extra time to spend with family will increase their loyalty and sense of safety in the organization which will help them contribute more as employees.Support people with interestsMost interviewers do ask candidates for a job for their hobbies. Interestingly enough they forget about it afterwards.Remember: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. People with various interests make for a cool office environment. You will have a happy team if you encourage people to follow their passions.Difference of opinion and freedom of speechWatch out for censors. You need to make sure there is a free flow of opinions and ideas. No one should feel ostracized.YOUR PART IN COMPANY CULTURECompany culture is usually organic, and it can be encouraged or steered in one or other direction. But there is no point in a culture that no one participates in. Make sure you communicate the importance of being a part of the team to your employees.You should be a part of the culture or you will not progressIt is true.The company culture is always there. It could be a toxic one or a supportive and productive one.But it will always be the people who fit in that progress the furthest in an organization.If you can’t beat them, join them! If you CAN beat them, maybe they will not like you too much. You do not want to seem like competition for the entire team. You can forget about beating and concentrate on leading.You will be more informed. Spending more quality time with your colleagues will make you a better fit in your organization. You will feel more confident to discuss both internal and external topics.You will work better in a team. A good company culture improves the mood all around and raises the productivity. When you communicate well and like each other you can tackle any challenging task fast and easy.You can trust your colleagues when under pressure. Participating in the company culture does not just mean reciting the same company values by heart. It means being friends, talking, sharing and spending time together â€" in good times and bad times.How to make sure you are part of the company cultureAsk questions. You might be excited to learn if you fit in, but don’t be generous with information about yourself. Instead, get to know everyone. It is never too late. Ask questions when you find it appropriate and listen to the answers. Try and see the world from their point of view.Participate in events. You do not have the time. You make the time. Even if you don’t make any friends, at least you get free food and free booze. It is a win-win.Do something sweet for your team members. Make compliments, appreciate everyone and help them with their work. But don’t leave it at that. Do something others wouldn’t. If you are out of ideas, just get some donuts for your team. You will be the star of the day.Get in on the jokes. Feeling like an outsider on all those inside jokes. Create your own. Don’t be afraid to have some fun in your workplace. Just make sure you feel out your audience. Start with other jokesters and slowly win over the others.CONCLUSIONCompany culture is more than just a couple jokes and several company events you have to attend through the year. Company culture is the first thought that pops into someone’s head when they have to go to the office every morning.It is something to be invested in. Do I like where I work? Will my colleagues support me and my decisions? Am I useful? Am I worthy? Am I safe at my workplace? Does my company want the best for me?Yes. You want the answer to be Yes.That is when your employees will be happy and productive. That is when they will be satisfied in their job and be loyal to your company. That is when you will get the best effort and best results. That is when you will reach prosperity.

9 by E.E. Cummings Analysis Essay - 673 Words

â€Å"9† by E.E. Cummings Edward Estlin Cummings was a unique poet with an equally unique writing style. E.E. Cummings was born on October 14th, 1894 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1916, Cummings graduated with a master’s degree from Harvard University. During his studies, he was subject to many great writers such as Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound. After working for five months as a volunteer ambulance driver in World War I, he was captured by French authorities. He was accused on accounts of espionage. After the war, he settled into a life in which he bounced around from houses in rural Connecticut and Greenwich Village. He also traveled through Europe meeting various poets and artists, including Pablo Picasso. During his life, Cummings won a†¦show more content†¦In the way he conveys this, it’s clear that he feels time is moving very slowly. In the third stanza, â€Å"We do not wind it up, it has no weights, spring wheels inside of its slender self, no indeed dear nothing of the kind † (Cummings Web), Cummings creates vivid imagery. This shows that Cummings is relating how he has no use for a clock and doesn’t care for the principle of keeping time. He would rather live life time free, without having to worry about being on time or being late. The third and final poetic device that shows up in the poem, â€Å"9†, is symbolism. To begin the poem Cummings uses symbolism. The number â€Å"9† refers to the number of times he uses the words, â€Å"tic-toc†, â€Å"toc-tic†, â€Å"tic-tic†, â€Å"toc†, and â€Å"tic†. Also, as seen in the fourth stanza, â€Å"So when kiss spring comes, we’ll kiss each kiss other on kiss the kiss lips because the tic clocks toc don’t make a toc-tic difference to kiss kiss you and to kiss me† (Cummings Web). Cummings uses the word â€Å"kiss† to complicate and clutter the verse. If you remove those words, he simply summarizes all of his thoughts in the last stanza. He says when spring comes; we can kiss because the clocks don’t make a difference to you and me. This symbolizes that Cummings can’t wait for the spring and summer months when the clocks don’t play a role in his life. In conclusion, Cummings uses his poem â€Å"9† to relay his feeling to time. He feels thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about E.E. Cummings: The Birth of Modern Poetry1882 Words   |  8 Pageslove, and life. Like a great poet, E.E. Cummings employed his past experiences in his poetry and life. Known as one of the preeminent poets of the 20th century, E.E. Cummings poetry has received an array of both positive and negative criticism. Nonetheless, Cummings’s poetry has inspired many poets and authors with his liberal views on love, nature, and religion along with his modern writing style. Although many criticized his contemporary style, E.E. Cummings modernized the traditional views ofRead MoreEssay about The Role of Humanism in the Poems of E.E. Cummings2199 Words   |  9 Pageschosen word. E.E. Cumming’s works, a notable World War I era poet of the modernist movement, were heavily affected by the hatred and atrocities of warfare, which is seen in the way that his re sentment towards humanity grows within this period, and thusly reflects in the poems he created around this time. One of these poems, entitled â€Å"Humanity i love you† can be seen as one such work. However, these influences are perhaps unclear at first, which shall be evidenced by this first cursory analysis of thisRead MoreNotes from the Underground by Fyodor Dostoyevsky1616 Words   |  7 Pagesportrays ‘Underground Man’ as a hero. Johnston focuses primarily on the maturity of ‘Underground Man’ and his past. Johnston thinks that ‘Underground Man’ has the qualities of Enlightenment because â€Å"he is free and independent. 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For example, an individual’s conduct during a negotiation encounter is influenced by ethnic heritage (Hawrysh and Zaichkowsky, 1989), and the attitudes and customs which are embedded in his/her culture (Shenkar and Ronen, 1987)Read MoreFreshwater Mussel and Water Quality: a Review of the Effects of Hydrologic and Instream Habitat Alterations9693 Words   |  39 PagesAuthority, Water Management Environmental Compliance, Norris, TN. 29 pp. Ahlstedt, S.A. and T. McDonough. 1993. Quantitative evalua tion of commercial mussel populations in the Tennessee River portion of Wheeler Reservoir, Alabama. Pages 38-49. In K. S. Cummings, A. C. Buchanan, and L. M. Koch (editors) Conservation and Management of Freshwater Mussels. Proceedings of a UMRCC Symposium, October 1992, St. Louis, Missouri. Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois. 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Invisibility Over Negation in Invisible Man Essay

Invisibility Over Negation in Invisible Man Early on in Invisible Man, Ralph Ellisons nameless narrator recalls a Sunday afternoon in his campus chapel. With aspirations not unlike those of Silas Snobdens office boy, he gazes up from his pew to further extol a platform lined with Horatio Alger proof-positives, millionaires who have realized the American Dream. For the narrator, it is a reality closer and kinder than prayer can provide: all he need do to achieve what they have is work hard enough. At this point, the narrator cannot be faulted for such delusions, he is not yet alive, he has not yet recognized his invisibility. This discovery takes twenty years to unfold. When it does, he is underground, immersed†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the negation of the negation should result in an egalitarian society. But Ellisons story debunks this dialectical strategy by suggesting the only thing that would come from a Brotherhood like the one depicted is a negation of the black man. Rather than be lifte d to the privileged position already held by whites, the black identity would be completely usurped. In light of both myths, Horatio Algers capitalist fancies and Marxist-Hegelian relief, the only answer, then, is to remain invisible until a better world is unearthed. This is Ellisons more complex polemic, a by-product of the American theme he revisits so sublimely. Ironically, the narrator is recruited by the Brotherhood only after a fervid display of individualism. He forces his way through a hostile tenement crowd and prevents a white mans shooting with a speech. The throng of fellow invisibles will not budge until an elderly evicted couple is permitted back inside their apartment. His words soften the mob with inspiration. Unlike his well-rehearsed valedictorian speech at the battle royal bloodbath, this one is spontaneous and brave enough to pronounce equality and a method: organization. The royals stagful of Southern elites would have lynched the narrator for such words, as they almost do when he

Baldwin Norman Free Essays

The profundity of silence is a theme that plays a significant role in the works â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin and â€Å" ’night, Mother† by Marsha Norman. The two tales represent confessions by family members that uncover the profound effect that each person’s communication method has had on the other. In particular, one identifies a lack of communication within both family relationships that demonstrates itself in an overabundance of silence. We will write a custom essay sample on Baldwin Norman or any similar topic only for you Order Now Baldwin’s tale recounts the woes of a certain brother who feels himself somehow responsible for the tragic events that have faced his younger sibling, and it portrays a relationship that lacks effective communication. Likewise, Norman portrays a family that has spent its usefulness in the avoidance of conversation. She eventually reveals the inadequacies of the mother who is at last unable to rescue her child from the pressures that cause her to contemplate death as the only acceptable option. The protagonists of each story find themselves in family relationships that fall short of the support necessary to prevent each from receding beyond the point of recovery. The tale rehashed in Marsha Norman’s play â€Å" ‘night, Mother† explores the hopelessness that leads to suicide, and in so doing, closely maps the psychological condition of the character Jessie (Whited 65). It takes the analysis of the situation into the realm of the family and considers that cocoon to be the engine that generates and exacerbates the problem Jessie faces. The â€Å"problem† is given its lineage in the relationships experienced by the members of the family. The relationships appear to be filled with action and devoid of communication. Of her own culpability, Mama says, â€Å"I didn’t tell you things or I married you off to the wrong man or I took you in and let your life get away from you or all of it put together† (lines 611-613). This circumstance points toward an overemphasizing of action and the downplaying of the type of conversation that allows true feelings to come to the fore. Jessie also recalls the silence of her father, and Norman hints that this silence has for the past decades stabilized or subdued the appearance of Jessie’s mental condition. Yet, this same silence has perhaps created the environment in which her mental or psychological illness has been allowed to germinate (Whited, 67). The idea that Jessie breaks her silence precisely at that hour in which her mental condition has become overwhelming and irreparable gives the idea that the lack of communication within her family setting may actually have been to her detriment. The exploration of the relationship between the narrator and his brother Sonny in James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† also represents a crisis of silence and suffocation within a family setting. This family in which Sonny resides also betrays a tendency toward continual action that precludes the kind of conversation which might have allowed the brothers to truly understand each other. Without understanding Sonny, the narrator (his brother) and their mother make plans to protect him for the rest of his life. They encourage him to live in situations that are not conducive to his spirited nature, such as his residence with Isabel while his brother goes off to war. Yet the silence Sonny endures, like that of Jessie, has the appearance of being his preferred mode of existence. The narrator says, â€Å"Sonny has never been talkative,† yet he goes on to say something more insightful that hints at the true desires that Sonny has always had. He continues, â€Å"So I don’t know why I was sure he’d be dying to talk to me when supper was over the first night† (Baldwin, 8). This hints at the underlying idea that though silence prevailed within the family, probing by his brother and mother might have dispelled both the silence and the dismal circumstances that later defined Sonny’s life. Literary analyst Tracey Sherard writes: â€Å"the narrator comes to understand his brother Sonny through the latter’s apparent struggle to strike out into the deep, unexplored waters of jazz improvisation† (691). Therefore, it is only through the music that Sonny’s brother is able to communicate with and understand him in the end. Comparisons between the two tragic characters of the stories, Sonny and Jessie, can be made in regard to their life choices. The two characters can be seen to choose silence during the early years of their lives, and this might be connected to another form of silence throughout the later stages of their lives. Sonny’s choice of life has led him to heroin, and this dangerous drug might be considered one that paves a path to death in a manner that is very similar to the suicide that Jessie contemplates. Both characters, therefore, choose suicide as the only means of silencing the worries and discontent of their lives. Jessie expresses a desire to sleep â€Å"whenever she wanted to, just by closing her eyes† (line 637), and this she has not been able to do since she was a â€Å"pink and fat† baby (639-40). This choice to commit suicide is therefore an extension of the idea of closing one’s eyes to problems of life. Sonny, in a similar way, chooses to close his eyes to his problems via his use of heroin. And likewise, the extension of this action (continued heroin use) is precisely concurrent with the death that Jessie so openly craves. Jessie’s mother, who desires not death, says â€Å"I’m not like you, Jessie. I hate the quiet and I don’t want to die† (lines 626-27) and this juxtaposition of death and quietness underscores the idea that the death desired by Jessie and Sonny can be seen also to be a form of silence. The motif of silence can be carried through even further within the analysis of the stories told by these authors. During the few short moments before her death, Jessie takes a break from her silence to explain the essence of it to her mother. Within this time she uncovers all the pain that her silence has embodied for the years preceding (Whited, 67). She also enumerates the problems that her ensuing death will hope to silence within her. This moment of conversation can be compared to (and in fact prefigures) the bullet that breaks for a split second the silence that has defined Jessie’s life. It also effects the reconstruction of that silence by guaranteeing its continuation in death. Death guarantees not only that the disappointments and fears in Jessie’s psyche will be quieted, but also that the events that have generated or exacerbated these problems will also cease to trouble her. The forms of silence to which Sonny subscribes are heroin (as has been uncovered above) and music. While heroin promises to lead him toward that final and inexorable death of the body, music provides a spiritual release for him that also provides an effective (if temporary) silence from his turmoil. Sonny’s escape to music as a means of silencing his demons can be compared to the way his brother describes their father as being â€Å"on the lookout for ‘something a little better. ’† Yet he goes on to say that his father â€Å"died before he found it† (Baldwin, 8). Sonny, too, looks to music as a form of escape—a means of quieting his dissatisfaction with his circumstances, a way of searching for something better. While as a youth he annoyed Isabel’s family with his constant piano playing, everyone was able to sense that â€Å"Sonny was at that piano playing for his life† (16). The piano’s music silenced not only the troubles that haunted his mind, but also the voices of hoodlums and vagrants on the street that would have called him into a life of crime and dissipation. It was, in fact, the eventual silencing of the piano by the screams of Isabel’s family that precipitated the demise that his music had been holding at bay. This re-establishes and supports the idea that music was a means of silencing the call of the inner city life and pressures that threatened to overtake Sonny in his youth. The lives and relationships explored within â€Å"’Night, Mother† and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† as told by Marsha Norman and James Baldwin respectively, speak loudly and portray vividly a distinct and almost impenetrable silence that enveloped the main characters. For Jessie, silence has been the defining characteristic of her relationship between her father during both his life and his death. During his life, he demonstrated his love with actions, and while Jessie appeared to be comfortable in that silence, the very essence of it provided the environment in which her psychological demise germinated and matured. Her mother, though disliking silence, has rarely been able penetrate Jessie’s, and this proves to facilitate the more permanent form of silence to which she graduates: that of death. Sonny too experiences silence within his relationships—a silence that becomes extended and embodies by the activities of his life. He refuses to speak to his family, silencing the discomfiture with music or heroin. Like Jessie, Sonny’s major life decisions place him on a path toward the ultimate silence: death. Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues. † Wright State University. 1957. Online Text. http://www. wright. edu/~alex. macleod/winter06/blues. pdf Norman, Marsha. â€Å"’Night, Mother. † Literature: Reading, Writing, Reacting. Laurie G. Kirzner Stephen Mandell (Eds). 4th Ed. New York: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. 1708-1743. Sherard, Tracey. â€Å"Sonny’s Bebop: Baldwin’s ‘Blues Text’ as Intracultural Critique. † African American Review. Vol. 32, Issue 4. (Winter 1998): 691-705. Whited, Lana A. â€Å"Suicide in Beth Henley’s Crimes of the Heart and Marsha Norman’s ‘night, Mother. † Southern Quarterly 36 (Fall 1997): 65-74. How to cite Baldwin Norman, Papers

Smartphones and Social Media Essay Example

Smartphones and Social Media Essay Advances in technology have changed the way humans think and act. Some people will say new technology makes life easier and other people will agree life was simpler before all of this new age technology. A few advances that are very common nowadays are smartphones and social media. These two modern day inventions have a major effect on society and are major influences on human learning today. Most important and popular news are broadcasted on social media such as breaking news, music, celebrities and these smartphones make life easier and you can access these social networks, also the internet itself; where you can virtually find anything. So, you can say these two inventions complement each other. Smartphones Effect on Society and Human Learning The Good and the Bad Smartphones are arguably one of the biggest and most used technologies of this day and age. Smartphones effect on human learning is major since they are so popular. These devices allow you to surf the internet fast and contact people faster; not to mention interact with people in different ways by text, video messages and video chats. Smartphones opens everyone to a new whole world filled with helpful apps but also dangers like an addiction. The use of smartphones can be seen as addicting to the younger generation that’s growing more and more every day. People addicted to smartphones push toward instant satisfaction rather than long-term satisfaction. Their impulsive nature from addiction slows self-regulated learning and also shows a decrease in learning flow compared to non-addicts (Kim, 2014). We will write a custom essay sample on Smartphones and Social Media specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Smartphones and Social Media specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Smartphones and Social Media specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many of the people who use smartphones are a part of the younger generation around the age of a college student. College students use them for several different things; some follow trends, search for information, communicate with friends or use smartphones to pass the time. These devices can be addicting, but smartphones can also preserve social ties. Individuals that use these

Iwo Jima essays

Iwo Jima essays Iwo Jima was one of the greatest land battles in World War II. It cost the Americans thousands of lives because of poorly planned techniques by the sergeants and generals of the Navy and Marines. It is located in the Volcano Islands off the coast of Japan. The battle lasted 26 days, and the island was secured ten days later. It was one of the most costly battles in World War II. Iwo Jima is an inactive volcanic island located 660 miles south of Tokyo, Japan (Josephy 93). Its name means sulphur island (Paull 1). It is eight square miles (Iwo 1) and in the shape of a pork chop. Iwos southern tip is composed of an inactive volcano, Mount Suribachi, the highest point of the island (Josephy 93). The land is made of coarse black sand and jagged rock, and the air smelled of rotten eggs from the sulphur emissions. The water circling the island is twelve feet deep only two feet away from the shore. This made it difficult for the Marines to get on the island from boats (Paull 1). Iwo Jima is only two miles wide and four miles long (Josephy 93). The Americans were to fit 70,000 Marines on this tiny island, and would fight 22,000 Japanese soldiers. It took the Marines 36 days to travel four miles on Iwo (Iwo 1). The Americans began bombing on December 8th. They did this to reduce the number of casualties when the troops came on land. The air raids lasted a total of 72 days (Bradly 135). The Navy Bombardments from offshore were to last ten days requested by the Marine generals. The Navy did not comply with this. They were to give them only three days of bombardments, then the Marines were to invade. The shelling took place on February 16th through February 18th. On February 16th bombarding was cut short because of a heavy cloud cover. February 17th was the only complete day of shelling. On February 18th the bombing was cut short because of heavy rains. It was now time for the Marines to move in (Bradly 144-145). ...

Where to Find the Best SAT Writing Practice Tests

Where to Find the Best SAT Writing Practice Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips As you study for SAT Writing, you’ll need some sample tests to practice your new skills on. Resist the temptation to just start trying random questions, however. It’s vital that you only use practice tests that will actually help you improve, and those can be a bit tricky to find. In this post, I'll explain why you shouldstick to accurate practice tests, what makes for a good practice test, how to use them in your SAT writing prep, and where to find the best practice SATs. Keep in mind that although the general advice in this article applies to every standardized test, it only includes links to materialsfor the current SAT.For more info on how to study for the new SAT, try this full guide. Feature Image: Dennis Skley/Flickr 4 Reasons to Stick to Accurate Practice Tests For the most part, you should focus on practicing with official SAT writing tests.SAT writing questionshave their own logic and style, whichyou'll only become accustomed toby studying the actual test. In a perfect world, you couldalsosupplement the official tests with extrapractice materials designed to help you study specific concepts. Unfortunately, the majority ofunofficial SATpractice materials, including those made bywell-knowncompanies like Kaplan and Princeton Review, aren't true towhat's actually on the test. (Here at PrepScholar, we believe our program is an exception, but you don't need to take my word on that. Read the rest of this guide and then give it a try- for free!- yourself.) Using badpractice materials is awaste of valuable SAT studytime and can evenhurt your progress. Below, I've expanded on keyreasons not to use inaccuratepractice materials. #1: They Don't Coverthe Right Concepts SAT writingquestions only test a handfulof topics, butmost non-official practice tests either ask about concepts that aren't on the real test or skip some of the key ideas that are. Even when unofficial materialsdo stay focusedon the same concepts as the real SAT writing section, they generallydon't do soin the same ways. For example,a bad test might ask you about the difference between "who" and "whom," a concept that isn't covered on the real SAT writing section, or have Identifying Sentence Error questions that count style issues as errors or ask about punctuation, neither of whichwould ever happen on a real test. If you're using inaccurate tests, you're learning to take the test the wrong way- to look for errors you won't see on the real thing- instead of getting accustomed to the styleof question you'll actually see on theSAT writingsection. #2:Big Picture Strategies Won't Apply to Them One of the most important parts of studying for SAT writing is learning how to effectively approach the questions. If a practice test doesn't allow you to practice those big picture strategies, it probably isn't worth your time. Someof the worstpractice materials include questions that usedifferent formatsthan those onSAT writing. This change may not seem important, since you can still practicethe SAT writing grammar concepts. However,SAT writing isn't a regular grammar test, and succeeding on it is just as much about understanding how to attack the test as it is about knowing the rules. Make sure to use differently formatted questions sparingly, if at all. #3: They Don't Employthe SameLogic asSAT WritingQuestions I briefly mentioned this idea above, but it is really, reallyimportant: SAT writing questions follow specific patterns and the best way to learn them is to study official SAT writing tests. As such, even the best unofficial tests can't replacereal SATs in your prep plan. #4: TheyCanConvince You that You're Much Better (or Worse) at SAT Writing than You Actually Are A lot of unofficial tests feature questions that areeither considerablyeasier or markedlyharder than those on the actual SAT writing section. If you practice oneasier tests, you're likelyto end up thinking that you're moreprepared than you are and then panicking when faced with real questions. If you'reusing harder tests, on the other hand, you're likely to become discouraged because the tests feel impossible (sometimes they are!). In neither case do you get a good sense of what the material on the official SATis like, which is one of the main reasons topractice the SAT in the first place. You would never see this question on a real SAT, but you might on a bad practice test. Image: Duncan Hull/Flickr 3 Key Qualities to Look for in SAT Writing Practice Material Now thatwe've established some of the problems with bad study materials, let's go overwhat tolook for in goodSAT writingpractice materials. As I mentioned at the beginning of this post, the best approach is tostart with real SATs. Luckily, the College Boardhas released a total of 14official tests, which shouldbe enough to cover at least 40 hours ofstudying. (I'll go over where to find these tests, as well as other official SAT writing practice questions,below.) If you do find yourself in need of further study material, however, there arethree questionsyou need to ask yourself as you evaluatepotential practice materials. #1: Do the Questions Havethe SameFormats as Those on SAT Writing? The first step to evaluating practice materials isglancingover them and making sure they look the same as real SAT writing sections. Are the three different types of questions (Improving Sentences, Identifying Sentence Errors, and Improving Paragraphs) all represented? Doeseachtypelook the way it should? You'll likely be amazed by how many practice tests don't pass this basic screening. Make sure not to use materials that don't look right- they'll certainlybe off in other ways as well. #2: Does ItTest the Same Concepts as the Real SATWriting Section? This question can be very difficult to answer because it requires you to fullyunderstand what's actually on the SAT. This is one of the reasons thatyou should only turn to unofficial tests if you've already used up the majority of the materials available from the College Board. However, if you do need to find some more SAT writing practice, I recommend working through 10 of each type of SAT writing question (or just one passage for Improving Paragraphs) and trying tosee if anything jumps out at you as obviously unlike areal SAT writing section. Are there questions on topics you've never seen on the official tests? Or are there topics clearly missing? Do the explanations clearly lay out why the correctanswer is the only one that works? #3: Isthe TestRoughly asDifficult as the SAT? This problem is another issue that can be challengingto resolvewithout investing a lot of time into materials that may or may not be helpful. After testing some of the questions(as I recommendabove),compare how many you missed on the unofficial testswith youraverage from an official test. Is the numbermuch higher? Much lower? If so, think about why- is it fluke or are you doing measurably better or worse on the unofficial questions?If you suspect the unofficial practice materials differ significantly from official ones, don't usethem. The Best Waysto Use SAT WritingPractice Tests toPrep What you're using SAT writing practice for will depend on whatkind of prep program you're doing(independent, with a tutor, throughan online program), but there are three main types of SAT writingpractice: taking full tests, analyzing sections, and drilling withquestions. I've outlined some general advice on how to effectively practice forSAT writingbelow. Take at Least 3 Full Practice Tests One of the most important parts of studying for the SATis building up the endurance to stay focusedfor a three-hour test,andthe only way to do thatis bypracticing. No matter what type ofstudy program you use, you musttake at least three full practice SATswhere you closely simulate testing conditions: timing yourself, sitting in a quiet room, turningoff your phone, and taking only the SAT-allowed breaks. Make sure to use official SATsfor these full practice tests.The point of the exercise is to mimic the experience of test day as closely as possible, which is only possible with a real test. Analyzethe Questions Anotherreason to primarily useofficial SAT practice testsis that theirquestions have a unique style and logic. Therefore, it can be veryuseful to carefully pickapart real SAT writingquestions and think abouthow they work. When analyzing a question, ask yourself the following questions. What ideais the question testing? How are the wrong answers wrong? Are there traps meant to trick you into picking an incorrectanswer,and, if so,how canyou avoid them? The deeperyour understanding of how SAT writingquestions are built, the easier, and quicker,answering them becomes. You can also check outour post on reviewing your mistakesfor more tips on how to effectively analyze questions. Practice Both With and Without a Timer Although moving quickly through the questionsis an important part of succeeding on the SAT, you shouldn't focus only on timed practice- doing so will keepyou from getting the most out of your SAT writing practice. Afteryou’ve taken a full practice test and set a baseline, it’s better to start with untimed practice and work up to doing timed sections. That way ,at the beginning, you canfocus on gaining a deep understanding ofthe structure and style of SAT writing, which will then help you approach the timed questions more confidently. Know when and when not to use a timer. The Best SAT WritingPractice Tests I've said it before and I'll say it again:use official SAT writing practice testswhenever possible. To help with that, I've curated a list of everywhere you can obtainofficial SAT writingpractice materials- for free and for sale- and explainedthe best ways to use them. Free Official Tests There are a number of full-length official tests available online. These are great for taking as complete tests, but can certainly be used for other purposes as well. Most Recent SAT Practice Test On its website, the College Board offers a free practice test (broken) that anyone can download and take.You can even input your answers on the College Board site, and it will grade the test for you. (Otherwise make sure to download them here. [broken]) This test is great to use as your baseline test because there are full answer explanations available on the College Board website, as well as helpful explanation videos for some of the questions on Khan Academy. More Free Official Tests In addition to the most recent free PDF, there are some older officialSATs available through the links below. Official SAT Practice Test 2013-14(answers) Official SAT Practice Test 2007-08(answers) Official SAT Practice Test 2004-05(answers) Extra Free Official Practice In addition to the full length tests, you can find extra SAT writing practice questions in the following places. College Board Website The College Board offers some extra writing practice questions as well as the full tests:Identifying Sentence Errors (broken), Improving Sentences (broken), andImproving Paragraphs (broken).These aren'tas good for simulating the actual test, but they can help you get a general sense of the questions and style, especially since they include explanations. Khan Academy Online education non-profit Khan Academy has partnered with the College Board to create official studymaterials for the redesigned SAT, but they also have some greatpractice questions for the current version of the test. If you sign up for a free account you can access more official Identifying Sentence Erros and Improving Sentences questions (unfortunately there are none for Improving Paragraphs). The questions include explanations. Official SAT Writing Tests for Sale Finally, there are also some realSATs for sale, in the form ofThe Official SAT Study Guide,which includes 10 more official tests. The book is currently available for $11.81 on Amazon, so it's an excellent value. The book itself doesn't include full answer explanations, but they are available on the College Board website. You canlikely check the bookout of the library as well, but if you do so, make sure that it doesn't include other students' notes and keep in mind that you may not be able to access the online explanations. What's Next? If you still want more sources of SAT writing practice, check out our guide to the best SAT writing books (coming soon). Make sure that you know how to study effectively with these key tips(coming soon). Finally, brush up on your big picture strategies for Identifying Sentence Errors, Improving Sentences, and Improving Paragraphs. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Writing and grammar lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Indian warriors, like all others, contained both strengths and Essay

Indian warriors, like all others, contained both strengths and weaknesses. What were the strengths and weaknesses specific to th - Essay Example It was difficult for the Indians to fight such an army which had strong discipline and organization. Many of the Indians made use of repeaters along with the bows and arrows which gave them an advantage despite the opponents’ better organization (Millett & Maslowski, 1994). Even with lack of discipline and ammunition, the warriors were skilled in catching their enemy by surprise. The Indian warriors especially in the west had no lands or vehicles to protect; hence they had greater mobility and could simply avoid the army in one-to-one battles where they could easily get outnumbered. They could lie low and spread around the land and sneak upon the opponents at the right time. It was hence very difficult for the attacking army to force the Indians into battle and this was very advantageous for the Indian warriors. It can be concluded that the Indian warriors had many weaknesses but their strengths helped prolong their struggle against the whites. Works Cited Millett, A. R., & Ma slowski, P. (1994). For the common defense: a military history of the United States of America. Free Press; Rev Exp edition.

Argument Essay Does Religion cause wars Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument Does Religion cause wars - Essay Example Religion makes significant contributions to the causes of some wars in the modern era. Witness the disputes around Jerusalem, Israels illegal occupation of Palestine and its status as a religious state, a rogue state and an aggressor state. Also, Huntingtons clash of civilizations theory places religion at the core of his warring civilizations. Jerusalem was the objective of the First Crusade, almost one millennium later it remains a focal point of religious warfare. For Jews, Jerusalem is where the Messiah will appear and the site of the original Temple of Solomon. It is also a significant site to Muslims: â€Å"Jerusalem has had a very important spiritual meaning for Muslims, not only being the first Qibla but also the mystical experience of the prophets ascendance to heaven.† (â€Å"Jerusalem in Islam†) For Christians it is where the Messiah was crucified, buried and rose again from the dead. The importance to Christianity is so great that there have been disputes within Christianity (intra-religious fighting) as to who has the privilege and responsibility of maintaining the Christian holy sites in the city. In 2008 the BBC reported, â€Å"Fighting erupted between Greek Orthodox and Armenian monks at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the traditional site of Christs crucifixion.† (â€Å"Monks brawl at religious shrine†, 2008) Violence in and around Jerusalem, and attempts by various religions to claim Jerusalem as theirs, can be attributed to religion. In a broader sense the state of Israel and the warfare that has characterized its sixty years of existence are also attributable to religious roots. Israelis often insist that their differences with their neighboring states is not religious. They insist the friction is between a democratic state (Israel) and non-democratic states (Syria, Jordan and Egypt). However, it is clearly a religious issue that transcends Jerusalem. In December 2010 CNN reported â€Å"In August, Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, the spiritual

The Wave :: essays research papers

Nazism The wave is about a history teacher whose name is Ben Ross. His class was starting to study the time that Hitler began making all the Jewish people stay in camps. Ben Ross could not find a way to get his class interested into this time period, so he decided to try to make a group, He would play like a Hitler type scenario and his class would be the Jewish people. He would make this group open to the whole school. Ben Ross told his idea to his class. He announced the group, and he had a pretty good turnout. They called the group that wave and they made a handshake, and a symbol. Laurie a girl in Ben Ross's class joined the wave at first and was in it for a while, but she saw that it was becoming way too serious. She decided to drop out of the wave. The wave became so popular that almost all the school was in the group. Ben Ross started to dress in suits, instead of his usual jeans and a nice shirt. He started to dress like a dictator. Ben Ross had the kids in his group sit with very good posture, and if they wanted to talk they had to address him as sir and they Stood up and talked very crisp and clear. When they were through talking they had to sit back down the proper position. Ben Ross thought that his experiment was going really good. All the kids were really taking it serious and he was enjoying it too. Laurie who quit the group saw that everyone was in the wave and she was on the staff of the Gordon Grapevine the school newspaper she decide to write and article about how everyone was taking this wave thing way to serious. Her article in the paper was published and everyone saw what she wrote. This made all of the group members very upset, they started to threaten her, and make her feel left out because she had quit the wave. Laurie had a boyfriend David who was in the wave, kept telling her that she should join the wave again, he didn't realize that why she didn't want to be in the group. This was splitting them apart. Laurie and David were talking one night and David brought up that she still was not in the wave, and she needed to join the wave. Laurie told him that she did not want to be involved in it, it was getting way to serious. People were getting hurt. David got really mad and The Wave :: essays research papers Nazism The wave is about a history teacher whose name is Ben Ross. His class was starting to study the time that Hitler began making all the Jewish people stay in camps. Ben Ross could not find a way to get his class interested into this time period, so he decided to try to make a group, He would play like a Hitler type scenario and his class would be the Jewish people. He would make this group open to the whole school. Ben Ross told his idea to his class. He announced the group, and he had a pretty good turnout. They called the group that wave and they made a handshake, and a symbol. Laurie a girl in Ben Ross's class joined the wave at first and was in it for a while, but she saw that it was becoming way too serious. She decided to drop out of the wave. The wave became so popular that almost all the school was in the group. Ben Ross started to dress in suits, instead of his usual jeans and a nice shirt. He started to dress like a dictator. Ben Ross had the kids in his group sit with very good posture, and if they wanted to talk they had to address him as sir and they Stood up and talked very crisp and clear. When they were through talking they had to sit back down the proper position. Ben Ross thought that his experiment was going really good. All the kids were really taking it serious and he was enjoying it too. Laurie who quit the group saw that everyone was in the wave and she was on the staff of the Gordon Grapevine the school newspaper she decide to write and article about how everyone was taking this wave thing way to serious. Her article in the paper was published and everyone saw what she wrote. This made all of the group members very upset, they started to threaten her, and make her feel left out because she had quit the wave. Laurie had a boyfriend David who was in the wave, kept telling her that she should join the wave again, he didn't realize that why she didn't want to be in the group. This was splitting them apart. Laurie and David were talking one night and David brought up that she still was not in the wave, and she needed to join the wave. Laurie told him that she did not want to be involved in it, it was getting way to serious. People were getting hurt. David got really mad and

Siemens Violation of Ethics

Volume 12 Issue 13 Version 1. 0 Year 2012 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4588 & Print ISSN: 0975-5853 Global Journal of Management and Business Research A Case Study of Siemens’ Violation of Business Ethics in Argentine Based On Stakeholder Theory By Zhu Wenzhong & Fu Limin Guangdong University of Foreign Studies (GDUFS) Abstract – Hand in hand with prosper of International business brought by globalization, many ethical problems have been surfacing in the past decades: bribery, corruption, human rights issues, etc.Business ethics, as an academic discipline as well as a business practice, is becoming the focal point of waged and animated debate. The increasing attention on it generates many relative theories, among which Freeman’s stakeholder theory stands out. This paper, backed by Freeman’s stakeholder theory, conducts a case study of Simens’ violation of busi ness ethics by analyzing its recent bribery scandal in Argentina. After a detailed analysis of the interests of Siemens’ stakeholders, it draws a conclusion of Siemens’ severe violation of business ethics, and thus suggests some solutions.Keywords : Simens Telecommunication; Business Bribery; Stakeholder Analysis. GJMBR-A Classification : FOR Code: 150303,150301 JEL Code: M21 A CaseStudyofSiemensViolationofBusinessEthicsinArgentineBasedOnStakeholderTheory Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:  © 2012. Zhu Wenzhong & Fu Limin. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3. 0 Unported License http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/3. /), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A Case Study of Siemens’ Violation of Business Ethics in Argentine Based On Stakeholder Theory Zhu Wenzhong & Fu Limin Abstract – Hand in hand with prosper of International business brought by globalization, many ethical problems have been surfacing in the past decades: bribery, corruption, human rights issues, etc. Business ethics, as an academic discipline as well as a business practice, is becoming the focal point of waged and animated debate.The increasing attention on it generates many relative theories, among which Freeman’s stakeholder theory stands out. This paper, backed by Freeman’s stakeholder theory, conducts a case study of Simens’ violation of business ethics by analyzing its recent bribery scandal in Argentina. After a detailed analysis of the interests of Siemens’ stakeholders, it draws a conclusion of Siemens’ severe violation of business ethics, and thus suggests some solutions. ? ? Keywords : Simens Telecommunication; Business Bribery; Stakeholder Analysis.II. Literary Review usiness ethics is a form of applied ethics or professional ethic s that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. To put it in a simple way, business ethics involves the application of standards of moral behavior to business situations. Despite the fact that the concept â€Å"business ethics† was firstly proposed in 1970s and hailed as oxymoron, it witnessed a waged and animated debate as well as increased public awareness ever since.On one hand, there is a huge growth of number of businessmen who realize that pure profit-oriented corporate operation can not stand permanently in a global market where customers’ ethic awareness is increasing; on the other hand, more and more companies find themselves time and again stuck in ethic dilemmas. For instance, bribery, as one of the notorious business ethical problems, has surfaced as important issues in an increasingly interdependent world economy. The increasing attention on business ethics not only takes place in business practices, b ut also in Author ? PhD, Professor of School of English for International Business, research member of Research Center for International Trade and Economics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies (GDUFS), No. 2, North Baiyun Avenue, Guangzhou 510420, China. E-mail : [email  protected] com Author ? : Student of School of English for International Business, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies (GDUFS), No. 2, North Baiyun Avenue, Guangzhou 510420, China. B I. Introduction a) Concept of Stakeholder The term â€Å"stakeholder† was first used in a 1963 internal memorandum at the Stanford Research Institute.It was originally detailed by R. Edward Freeeman in the book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach in 1984. What is a stakeholder? The earliest definition offered by an internal report of Standford Research Institute in 1963, they define it as those groups that directly influence the organization’s existence. Freeman continues to employ this term by further defining it as those groups that are so vital to the organization that they dominantly affect the organization’s survival and success and can also be affected by the actions of the business (Freeman, 1984).The term â€Å"stakeholder† is a variant of the familiar and traditional idea of stockholders—the investors in or the owners of business. It has experienced an evolution and progress in its scope and range. In the traditional view, the stockholders or the shareholders are the owners of the firm, therefore, a firm has binding fiduciary duty to give the top priority to stockholders by satisfying their needs in the first place and increasing their output. It is based on the inputoutput model in which firms have to only address wishes and benefits of parties closely pertinent to its operation: investors, mployees, suppliers, and customers (Donaldson and Preston, 1995). However, along with the growth of corporation, the scope and range of stakeholder also expand, w hich  © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XII Issue XIII Version I academic fields. Scholars’ study on business ethics also gave birth to a famous theory: stakeholder theory, put forward by R. Edward Freeman, which in turn serves as the theoretical foundation of business ethics study. The theory attempts to address the â€Å"Principle of Who or What Really Counts† by identifying the stakeholders in business ethics practices.Based on business ethics and stakeholder theory, this paper proposes to conduct a case study by analyzing Siemens’ latest business ethics violation—the Bribery Scandal in Argentina. Following the analysis, suggestions pertinent to this issue are also put forward. 75 Year 2012 A Case Study of Siemens’ Violation of Business Ethics in Argentine Based On Stakeholder Theory is typically presented in Freeman’s stakeholder theory. 76 theory of organizational management and business ethics that addresses morals and values in managing an organization.It identifies and models the groups which are stakeholders of a corporation, and both describes and recommends methods by which management can give due regard to the interests of those groups. In short, it attempts to address the â€Å"Principle of Who or What Really Counts. In Freeman’s stakeholder theory, stakeholder are not only those people who have direct stakes in the firm but also those who are equivalently influential as well, especially in affecting reputation and public image, but their stake is more representational of public than direct.Stakeholder theory argues that every legimate person or group participating in the activities of a firm do so to obtain benefits and that the priority of the interests of all legitimate stakeholders is not self-evident. From this perspective, the groups of stakeholders expand to government and social institutions etc. In his book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Freeman outlines groups of stakeholder in both internal and external environment. Internal stakeholders are as follows: employees, managers, and owners.External stakeholders are: suppliers, customers, society, government, creditor, shareholders, competitors, communities, academics, NGOs or activists, environmentalists, media, etc. As in Freeman’s Strategic Management: a Stakeholder Approach, the stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management and business ethics that addresses morals and values in managing an organization. It identifies and models the groups which are stakeholders of a corporation, and both describes and recommends methods by which management can give due regard to the interests of those groups.In short, it attempts to address the â€Å"Principle of Who or What Really Counts. In Freeman’s stakeholder theory, stakeholder are not only those people who have direct stakes in the firm but also those who are equivalently in fluential as well, especially in affecting reputation and public image, but their stake is more representational of public than direct. Stakeholder theory argues that every legitimate person or group participating in the activities of a firm do so to obtain benefits and that the priority of the interests of all legitimate stakeholders is not self-evident.From this perspective, the groups of stakeholders expand to government and social institutions etc. In his Strategic Management-Analytical Methods for Stakeholder Management, Freeman (1984) clearly comes out with the stakeholder management theory which refers to the management activities  © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) b) Freeman’s Stakeholder Theory As in Freeman’s Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, the stakeholder theory is a Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XII Issue XIII Version I management of an enterprise carries out to balance the stake requirements of stakeholders.Compar ed to the traditional shareholders supremacists, this theory holds that the development of any enterprise is closely related to the investment and participation of each stakeholder and the pursuit of an enterprise is the entire stake of all stakeholders instead of some major stakes. Stakeholders not only include the shareholders, creditors, employees, consumers, suppliers etc. of the enterprise, but also pressure groups such as government, local residents, local communities, medias, environmentalists etc. even the natural environment, future generations etc. who may be directly or indirectly affected by the operation of the enterprise.These stakeholders are closely related to the development of the enterprise, they share the operation risk of the enterprise, some pay a cost for the operation of the enterprise, some supervise and constrain the enterprise, and the decisions of the enterprise must take their stakes into consideration and accept their constraints. In this sense an enter prise is the institutional arrangement of intelligence and management professionalization investment, the development of an enterprise relies on the quality of responses to the requirements of each stakeholder instead of only shareholders.This corporate management idea explains the corporate performance appraisal and the core of management, which lies foundation for the later theory of performance appraisal Year 2012 c) Stakeholder Theory and CSR CSR The Effect of Stakeholder Theory in the Study of The are many common grounds between CSR and stakeholder theory as both are concerned about the relatioship between the enterprises and their shareholders and the enterprises and individuals and social group apart from their stareholders; however the two are different concerpts. What they study and care are problems of different levels and categories.CSR considers the influence of enterprises on society from the perspective of the whole society and care the relationship between enterprises and the society; while stakeholder theory care more about the relationship between enterprises and stakeholders from the perspective of the enterprises. Ever since the establishment of CSR its supporters spread from various institutions, scholars and ordinary people, which helps in the development of CSR. However this theory encountered lots of problems in practice, and needs further study and improvement.In the process of seeking solution to these problems, we usually introduce stakeholder theory to help to resolve those problems. i. Modification of Shareholder Primacy Theory by The biggest barrier to the implementation of CSR is the Shareholder Primacy rule to some extent, Friedman et. holds that the only purpose for the Stakeholder Theory A Case Study of Siemens’ Violation of Business Ethics in Argentine Based On Stakeholder Theory Economic Social Quality Investors Social Welfare Suppliers Legal Customers Enterprises Moral Environment Resources EmployeesWorld Sustainable Development Cultural Figure 2 : 1 Theoretical Model of CSR Source : Freeman, R. E: Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach [M]. Boston, Pitman Press, 1984  © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XII Issue XIII Version I existence of enterprises is to maximize the profit and shareholder benefits. Their three interrelated propositions are a. shareholders should reserve the right to control the enterprise; b. managers are entrusted the responsibility to singley serve the interest of shareholders; c. he object of enterprises is to maximize the wealth of shareholders; while stakeholder theory holds that i, stakeholders who are affected by the enterprise have the right to participate enterprise decision-making; ii, managers are entrusted with the responsibility to serve the interests of all stakeholders; iii, the object of enterprises is to enhance the interests of all stakeholder not just shareholders’. Stakeholder theory holds that enterprises are ‘contract unities’ consisted of many a stakeholders and the investment comes not just shareholders but also employees, suppliers and creditors of the enterprise.Shareholders provide the material captial and other stakeholders provide not only material capital but also human capital which is equivalent to material capital in term of significance particularly in today’s knowledge economy. And in some aspects the siginificance human capital exceeds the siginificance of material capital. Enterprises are not simply the ‘aggregation’ of material capital any more but a kind of ‘institutional arrangement of goverance and management of professional investment’ and in essence they are the aggregations of various contracts.The risks of enterprises should not just be bore by shareholders ii. Indentification of Subjects for Shouldering Social Viewing from the various definitions of CSR, it is easy to conclude that the benef icaries of enterprises’ shouldering social responsibilities are people of the society including investors, employees, clients, creditors and beneficiaries of environement and resources, social security and welfare etc. Through shouldering corresponding social responsibilities and taking social benefits as target range, enterprises can maximize their contributions to the sustainable development.And the responsibilities they take are legal, economic, moral, cultural aspects, however today there still lots of people stand against CSR. Responsibility and Defining Responsibilities 77 Year 2012 and other stakeholders should also share the risks, as a result the owners of enterprisers should not be confined to shareholders and all the stakeholders are the owners of enterprises. The rights of stakeholders are equal and independent, they jointly own the enterpises.While challenging the shareholder priamcy principle, stakeholder theory clears the way for the development of CSR theory i n that CSR theory has long been holding that the only mission of enterprises to increase shareholder interests should be changed and thinks that enterprises should view problems from a higher ground and consider their relations with all the stakehoders, the entire society and shoulder some social responsibility. A Case Study of Siemens’ Violation of Business Ethics in Argentine Based On Stakeholder TheoryYear 2012 They start from the point where the subjects and contents of obligations of corporate social responsibility are vague and think that enterprises should not shoulder social responsibilities. Some business and law scholars even think there is not subjects for corporate social responsibility in that there are no satisfactory answers for questions such as the whom should enterprises responsible for, whom can be the subjects that urges enterprises to shoulder responsibilities?To vaguely say that customers, ordinary people and the social communities these enterprises belo ng to is not enough because the groups can hardly be obligees to exist meanwhile they also hold that the content of social responsibilities is also vague. Currently the understanding of stakeholders generally include the first class stakeholders that affect the existence of enterprises, and the secondary stakeholders who do not affect the existence of enterprises or are affected by the enterprises.Though the definition is extensive, it indentifies stakeholders as shown in the following basic framework: investors, employees, customers, suppliers, creditors, trade associations, local communities, political groups etc. Government Investors Creditors 78 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XII Issue XIII Version I Suppliers Customers Enterprises Trade Associations Employees Communities Figure 2 : 2 Theoretical Model of Stakeholder Theory Source : Freeman, R. E: Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach [M].Boston, Pitman Press, 1984 Many foreign scholars studying CSR and stakeholder theory holds that stakeholder theory can be introduced to the study of CSR, Carroll (1991) thinks that stakeholder theory should be applied to the study of CSR and it can be used to identify the orientation of CSR, and by the identification of each relevant stakeholder group the range of CSR can be identified. Clarkson (1995) stakeholder theory can provide a ‘theoretical framework’, in which CSR can be identified as the relations between enterprises and stakeholders, for the study of CSR.Just as Evan and Freeman (1993) had it that ‘though it cannot replace CSR, stakeholder theory can be regarded as an important condition for the study of CSR and it can specify the subjects the enterprises should be responsible for’. In this stage when the theoretical research of CSR still needs to be carried further, we can adopt stakeholder theory to  © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) define the range of responsibilities enterprises should carry. This is both possible and necessary and enterprises can be responsible for each stakeholders in the framework of stakeholder theory. ii. Case Description Siemens AG is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich, Germany. Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 420,800 people across nearly 190 countries. It is the largest Europe-based electronics and electrical engineering company with activities in the fields of industry, energy and healthcare. It is organized into six main divisions: Industry, Energy, Healthcare, Equity Investments, Siemens IT Solutions and Services and Siemens Financial Services (SFS).A Case Study of Siemens’ Violation of Business Ethics in Argentine Based On Stakeholder Theory For government, iv. Case Analysis Bribery has been defined as â€Å"the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of something of value for the purpose of influencing the action of an official in the discharge of his or her public or legal duties. â⠂¬  (Fritzsche, 1998). The bribe is the gift bestowed to influence the recipient's conduct and the outcomes of decisions wherein the nature and extent of the influence are not made public. The item of value may be direct payments of money or property.It may also be in the form of a kickback after a deal has been completed. It may be any money, good, right in action, property, preferment, privilege, emolument, object of value, advantage, or merely a promise or undertaking to induce or influence the action, vote, or influence of a person in an official or public capacity. Based on Freeman’s stakeholder theory, the first step in the analysis of this case is to identify the a) Stakeholders of Siemens Firstly, the bribery would reduce freedom of choice by altering the conditions under which a decision is made.Its appeal of additional gains for some government officials would lure them to select the less attractive alternative which provides less total satisfaction. By doing so, i t adversely would disrupt the official’s decision and undermined fair competition among the industry. If the De La Rua administration’s doubt that the cost of each electronic ID reported by Siemens was twice what the government estimated is true, then the government has to pay the price for the hidden payment with more governmental expenditure, which leads to a greater loss of money of the government.Secondly, it would damage the authority, prestige and force of laws and regulations. The bribery circumvented the legal system and obtained illegal interest, which is a contempt against laws and is detrimental to the implementation of laws. Thirdly, it would undermines attempts by governments to improve the overall wealth of the nation, diminish the image of government and governing party, and further lose people’s trust.  © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XII Issue XIII Version I On Dec. 3, 2011, The Securi ties and Exchange Commission charged seven former Siemens executives with violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) for their involvement in the company's decade-long bribery scheme in Argentina to retain a $1 billion government contract to produce national identity cards for Argentine citizens. According to the SEC's complaint filed in U. S. District Court in Manhattan, the scheme lasted from approximately 1996 to early 2007. Initially, in the 1990s, Menem government planned to implement all national electronic ID cards, known as Documentos Nacionales de Identidad (DNI) for every Argentine citizen.In order to obtain the contract which is total of 1. 26 billion U. S. dollars, Siemens bribed Argentine government officials with 70 million U. S. dollars through intermediary. Menem government finally signed the contract with Siemens in 1998. But a change in Argentine political administrations foiled the contract: after the next President Fernando De La Rua came into office, som e officials questioned the contract on the ground that the cost of each electronic ID reported by siemens was twice what the government estimated. Therefore, the government announced the suspension and cancellation of the contract.In a political change and economic crisis, Duhalde succeeded De La Rua as the president. During his term of office, Simens was told by the intermediary that a 27 million U. S. dollars bribery could â€Å"resurrect the contract†. In order to revive the contract, Siemens paid additional bribes in a failed effort to Kirchner government until 2004. When the company later instituted an arbitration proceeding to recover its costs and expected profits from the canceled contract, Siemens paid additional bribes to suppress evidence that the contract originally had been obtained through corruption. elevant stakeholders and determine the positive and negative impacts on the stakeholders. The stakeholders affected by Siemens’ bribery in this case include Simens’ stockholders; Siemens’ employees; Siemens’ supplier; Local community; the Argentine government; Argentine community; Simens’ competitor; Siemens’ competitors’ employees and stockholders. For Siemens’ stockholders, the contract with the Argentine government would increase profit and gain market share for them. Even though bribery was needed to win the contract, the profit yielded in the contract can not only cover the bribery but also trigger more.For Siemens’ employees, the profit yielded from the contract would also benefit themselves a lot. It is likely that their pay got increase, bonus and allowance met a growth, working environment had much improvement etc. For Siemens’ suppliers, the growth of Siemens means the growth of themselves as long as they are in a cooperative business relationship. The increase of Siemens’ business would lead to more orders to Siemens and more profit for them. For the local community, the contract would bring cascade effect: it would create more jobs for local people.The local community would benefit from the employment of its citizens which would bring money into the community and provide additional tax revenues. The prosper of Simens’ business can also cast a positive influence to relative industries. b) Impact on stakeholders 79 Year 2012 A Case Study of Siemens’ Violation of Business Ethics in Argentine Based On Stakeholder Theory For Argentine community, 80 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XII Issue XIII Version I From the perspective of whole economy system and environment, it would: ?. inder fair and just competition and disrupt the order of the whole economic system. Instead of gain market share with quality, businesses would turn to shortcuts like relationship with government officials ?. Result in allocating more resources to a less desirable alternative. The failure of the allocation system would lead to stagnation of technology, service and the whole industry structure. ?. Increase the cost of transaction, and do harm to public’s interest. The higher cost would result in higer prices or even monopoly. From the whole society, it would: ?. Cast damage to social redit and rot the social conduct. On one hand, the prevalence of bribery destroys the mutual trust and equity of businesses; on the other hand, businesses with good compliance to laws are suppressed and discouraged. ?. Violate code of ethics. ?. Breed more and more relative crimes. Bribery is always accompanied with business secret theft, deception and evasion of taxes. For Argentine people, the greater expense on the ID project would result in more outflow of taxpayers money from their pocket in that the misconduct and wrongdoings of officials would be shared by all the community.The bribery would harm taxpayers as well as undermine public support for governments. For Siemens’ competitors, Siemens’ bri bery would deprive them of fair competition in this project, and further distort trade The loss of the competitors is invisible, though, but solid. For Siemens’ stockholders, employees and local community, the loss of the contract would provide lower profits for the stockholders, fewer jobs for the employees and less money in the competitors’ local community.Taking the interest of all stakeholders into account, Siemens violated business ethics seriously, even though it brought some illegal benefits to its own stockholders. V. different actions of organization. The four stages are: ethical awareness, ethical reasoning, ethical action, and ethical leadership. i. Ethical awareness Ethic Awareness is the foundation of an ethical climate. Through ethical awareness, employees learn how to identify problems and how to resolve them. In this stage, code of conduct must be established to support ethic awareness.Formal statement that defines how the organization expects and requi res employees to resolve ethical questions must be delivered. A code of conduct typically addresses issues pertaining to; preferred style of dress, avoiding illegal drugs, following instructions of superiors, being reliable and prompt, maintaining confidentiality, not accepting personal gifts from stakeholders as a result of company role, avoiding racial or sexual discrimination, avoiding conflict of interest. ii.Ethical reasoning Since codes of conduct cannot detail a solution for every ethical situation, so corporations provide training in ethical reasoning. Courses in Ethical Reasoning teach employees to reason in a principled way about moral and political beliefs and practices, and to deliberate and assess claims for themselves about ethical issues. Students examine the competing conceptions and theories of ethical concepts such as the good life, obligation, rights, justice, and liberty with a focus on developing the ability to assess and weigh the reasons for and against adopti ng them to address concrete ethical dilemmas.Employees in these courses may encounter a value system very different from their own that calls attention to their own ethical assumptions. iii. Ethical action Ethical action involves helping employees recognize and reason through ethical problems and turning them into ethical actions. It takes preparing, assessing, deciding, implementing, and reflecting. Whenever employees encounter ethical dilemmas or problems, Siemens should help them out by applying their code of conduct to practice: identifying the issues, assessing them, deciding solutions, implementing solutions and reflecting them.The current Siemens’ bribery scandal is good example for its employees to review and retrospect the ethical problems concerning bribery, and encourages them to probe into the hidden reasons and seek more proper solutions. iv. Ethical leadership In this stage, executives must demonstrate ethical behavior in their actions. Leaders are first and for emost members of their organizations and stakeholder groups. Since they hold most of the senior positions and are decision makers, their values, vision and ethical standard case great impact on subordinates and thus impact the whole organization. To shape Year 2012 Suggestion organizational ethicalSiemens’ bribery scandal is by no means the first violation of business ethics. Back to 2008, its decades-long bribery scheme with 1. 3 billion U. S. dollars shocked the world. Subsequently, it was accused of posting business secret of competitors. Its continuous scandal is an indication that Siemens fails to form an ethical corporate culture and ethical environment. To make a change of the current scandal and prevent any further ones, shaping organizational ethical environment should be Siemens’ top priority. Shaping organizational ethical environment goes through four stages, each of which demands  © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) ) Internally: shaping environment A Case Study of Siemens’ Violation of Business Ethics in Argentine Based On Stakeholder Theory ethical conduct in an organization, leaders’ behavior, actions are needed to demonstrate their support and determination. In Siemens’ bribery scandal, most of the unethical behaviors were conducted by senior executives, which attribute the frequent news of its violation of business ethics. Thus, in Siemens, to shape ethical conduct and maintain ethical culture, leaders must firstly own their ethical criteria and behave ethically accordingly. Apart from the internal improvement, external supervision is also in need.The external supervision involves first and foremost the initiatives aiming to combat bribery. These initiatives include: †¢ Foreign Corrupt Practices Acts †¢ The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention †¢ The UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) †¢ Transparency International To counter bribery, wider cooperation must be conducted between countries and these conventions and organizations. Under the globally accepted guidance and principles, Signatories countries must adopt national legislation to fight against bribery. Government should take regular review of business’ and officials’ compliance to these laws by establishing stricter supervision system.Secondly, external supervision involves power of media. Media is the oral power of reining any unethical behavior. Thus, media should pay more close attention on business ethical issues, track and make more exposure of unethical firms, and encourage those ethical ones. Thirdly, the whole society should also participate in this campaign. When the whole society establish a common principle of â€Å"zero tolerance† to bribery, and monitor it ceaselessly, businesses dare not commit bribery because of their consideration of corporate image.The more and more serious social attitude towards bribery would make businesses think twice before they leap. VI. References Refer ences Referencias 1. Carroll, Buchholtz (2002). â€Å"Business& Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management†. Mason. Thomson Learning. 2. Freeman. R. E (1984). â€Å"Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Theory†. Boston, MA: Pitman. 3. Freeman. R. E (1991). â€Å"Business Ethics: The State of The Art†. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4. Fritzsche. D. J (1998). â€Å"Business Ethics: A Global and Managerial Perspective†. New York: McGrawHill. 5. Li, Y.H (2011). China Coporate Citizenship AntiCorruption and Anti- Bribery Research Report. The Coporate Social Responsibility. 6(1), pp. 42-51. 6. Mitchell. C (2009). â€Å"Internatinal Business Ethics†. Petaluma: World Trade Press. 7. Mitchell. C (2000). â€Å"Internatinal Business Cultures†. Petaluma: World Trade Press. 8. Weiss. J. W (2003). â€Å"Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach†. Beijng: China Renmin University Press. Conclusion This paper conducts a case study of Siemens’ violation of business ethics by employing Freeman’s stakeholder theory.Based on Freeman’s theory, stakeholders of a firm should not only include its stockholders, instead, it covers a wide range from its internal employees to external suppliers, government, society, and even competitors. In the case of Simens’ bribery scandal in Argentina, the present author outlines its stakeholders and conducts a detailed analysis of the impact of Simens’ bribery on each stakeholder. The conclusion follows the analysis is that Siemens seriously violated business ethics by terribly detrimenting the interest of its stakeholders.  © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XII Issue XIII Version I Year 2012 b) Externally: strengthening supervision The analysis of Siemens’ unethical bribery scandal also triggers the author’s further discussion about an international issue: bribery Bribery, as one of the notorious business ethical problems, has surfaced as important issues in an increasingly interdependent world economy. No longer seen purely as a morality play, the accepted world view of corruption and bribery today is that they hinder competition, distort trade and harm consumers and taxpayers as well as undermine public support for governments.Therefore, to fight against bribery, suggested solutions are also provided. On one hand, internal ethical environment shaping is of urgent need; Simens should immediately follow the four stages of the structure of ethical environment from ethical awareness to ethical leadership to improve its current ethical predicament. on the other hand, external supervision and cooperation from international and 81 national community to media is also in demand. Although business ethics is in an actual fact as old as business, however, it didn’t got enough attention until 1970s.As the ethical problems keep surfacing and disrupting the b usiness order, business ethics, as an academic discipline as well as a business practice, is on its way of gaining momentum. To probe into it and make this oxymoron a better guide of business code of conduct, more and more efforts are still in much need. 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